constant hiccups

hiccup by Bailey in 1943, influenced by:

Afferent fibers: frenikus nerves and the vagus nerves and sympathetic fibers that originated from T6-12
Hiccup Center: locasi not specific between the C3 and C5
Relationship to the respiratory center, the nucleus of nerve and hypothalamus frenikus

* Efferents

o freniku nerve (C3-5)
o Muskulus scalenus posterior (C5-7)
o intercostalis externa (T1-11)
o glottis (nerve laringeal recuren)
o autonomic inhibition process
o decrease in tonus spinkter esophagus

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Hiccup Therapy

Chlorpromazine (CPZ): antidopaminergic drugs, dopamine receptor blocking post-synaptic mesolimbik, have anticholinergic effects, can be depressed the reticular system which can reduce the vomiting and nausea, as well as alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking

Metoclopramide: work by blocking dopamine resptor

Phenytoin: motor activity and inhibit its action in the motor cortex

Valproic acid: increased GABA receptor

Carbamazepine

Amytriptilin

By Mahmud Kamil Syakur
(taken from various sources)